$ cat [OPTION]... [FILE]...

Why is the cat Command Used?

The cat command is useful for many everyday Linux administration and development tasks, including:

• Displaying the contents of a text file.
• Displaying multiple files.
• Combining multiple files into a single file.
• Creating a new file from the terminal.
• Appending content to an existing file.
• Displaying line numbers.
• Identifying blank lines and special characters.

1. Display the Contents of a File

The most basic use of cat is to display the contents of a file.

$ cat test.txt

Example output:

Hello World
This is a Linux file.
Learning Linux commands.

2. Display Multiple Files

You can provide multiple filenames to the cat command. Linux displays their contents sequentially.

$ cat file1.txt file2.txt

This is especially useful when you want to quickly inspect several related files without opening them separately.

3. Concatenate Multiple Files

The cat command can combine the contents of multiple files and write the result to a new file.

$ cat file1.txt file2.txt > combined.txt

In this example, the contents of file1.txt and file2.txt are combined and stored in
combined.txt.

4. Append One File to Another

The >> redirection operator can be used with cat to append content to an existing file.

$ cat file2.txt >> file1.txt

This adds the contents of file2.txt to the end of file1.txt without overwriting the
existing content.

5. Display Line Numbers

Use the -n option to display line numbers along with the contents of a file.

$ cat -n test.txt

Example output:

     1  Hello World
     2  This is a Linux file.
     3  Learning Linux commands.

6. Number Non-Empty Lines

The -b option numbers only the non-empty lines in a file.

$ cat -b test.txt

Unlike cat -n, blank lines are not assigned line numbers.

7. Display Hidden Characters

The -v option displays non-printing characters in a visible form. This can be useful when
troubleshooting files containing unexpected characters.

$ cat -v test.txt

8. Show End of Each Line

The -E option displays a $ character at the end of each line.

$ cat -E test.txt

This is useful when checking trailing spaces or understanding the exact line structure of a text file.

9. Show Tabs

The -T option displays tab characters using a visible representation.

$ cat -T test.txt

10. Squeeze Multiple Blank Lines

The -s option compresses consecutive blank lines into a single blank line.

$ cat -s test.txt

This can make files with excessive empty lines easier to read.

11. Create a New File Using cat

The cat command can also be used to create a new file by redirecting terminal input to a file.

$ cat > newfile.txt

Enter the required content and press Ctrl + D to save the file and return to the shell.

Example:

cat > employee.txt
Name: John
Role: Software Engineer
Department: Testing

12. Append Content Using cat

To append new content to an existing file, use the >> operator.

$ cat >> employee.txt

Type the additional content and press Ctrl + D when finished.

13. Display the Contents of a System File

Linux stores important system information in files. The cat command can be used to inspect
readable system files.

$ cat /etc/hostname

This displays the hostname configured on the system.

14. Use cat with a Pipe

The output of cat can be passed to another Linux command using a pipe (|).

$ cat application.log | grep ERROR

This displays lines containing ERROR from the log file.

For simple searches, directly using grep ERROR application.log is generally preferable because it
avoids an unnecessary cat process.

15. View a File with Line Numbers and Special Characters

Several options can be combined to make file contents easier to troubleshoot.

$ cat -n -E -T test.txt

This displays line numbers, end-of-line markers, and visible tab characters.

Common cat Command Options

cat Command for Software Testers

The cat command is particularly useful for software testers and DevOps engineers working with
Linux servers. It can be used to quickly inspect configuration files, application logs, environment-related
information, deployment files, and test execution results.

For example, a tester can inspect an application log using:

$ cat application.log

To quickly identify errors, a combination with grep can be used:

$ cat application.log | grep ERROR

A tester can also inspect configuration files such as:

$ cat application.properties

cat vs less vs more

Although cat is excellent for displaying small files, other commands may be more appropriate for
large files.

Important Tips When Using cat

Be careful when using output redirection with >. For example:

$ cat file1.txt > file2.txt

If file2.txt already exists, its contents are replaced. Use >> when you need to
append rather than overwrite.

Also, avoid using cat to print extremely large files directly to the terminal. Commands such as
less, head, and tail are often better suited for large files.

Frequently Asked Questions About Linux cat Command

What does cat mean in Linux?

cat stands for concatenate. The command is used to read and combine file contents.

How do I view a file in Linux?

You can use the following command:

cat filename

How do I combine two files in Linux?

Use:

cat file1.txt file2.txt > combined.txt

How do I number lines using cat?

Use the -n option:

cat -n filename